The same-sex marriage blessing liturgy presented to the Wangaratta synod for their approval (and due to be presented to the upcoming Newcastle synod) is not a new piece of work but, rather, heavily dependent upon other similar liturgies first developed more than 20 years ago in the 1990s and earlier.
Students of this topic will be aware of a number of significant books in the field, not least Elizabeth Stuartβs Daring to Speak Loveβs Name (1992) and Hannah Ward and Jennifer Wildβs Human Rites (1995). Both books contain a great number of different suggested prayers and liturgies for same-sex blessings and other occasions.
Stuartβs work is particular helpful for outlining just how much the βaskβ of homosexual couples has changed over the decades,
Very few lesbian and gay people would want to describe these ceremonies and the relationships they celebrate as βmarriagesβ. Some would want to disassociate themselves from an institution which historically has been based upon structural and legalized inequality, specific gender roles, and which seems to impose at least a degree of conformity and uniformity and unrealistic expectations on those who enter it. And, of course, as a modern institution marriage seems to be in a state of grave crisis β even though very many marriages are happy and successful. From a theological perspective as well, gay and lesbian relationships cannot be described as βmarriagesβ.
β¦
Marriage is a relationship between a man and a woman, generative in character, which traditionally represents the relationship of Christ to the Church. Whereas it is perfectly possible for lesbian and gay relationships to fulfil the other purposes of marriage given in the ASB [Alternative Service Book β the 1980 Church of England prayer book] β mutual comfort, bodily union and the building up of community β they cannot fulfil all these criteria for they are not between members of opposite genders, the relationships are not generative in character and they have never been symbolic representations of Christβs relationship to his Church.
STUART, DARING TO SPEAK LOVEβS NAME. PP18-19
Viewed today, this is a remarkable statement. We have come full circle with the Wangaratta/Newcastle liturgy seeking to recognise and affirm a homosexual relationship as βmarriageβ even while attempting to distinguish a βblessingβ.
So where does the liturgy that Wangaratta have approved come from?
There are two very clear related sources. The first is a well-known liturgy used and promoted by the Parish Church of St Mary & St Nicolas, Spalding in the Church of England (the βSpalding Liturgyβ). The Australian liturgy draws very heavily from this.
The Spalding Liturgy is a greatly reduced version of a longer βPastoral Liturgy for the Blessing of Same-Gender Partnershipβ by Jeffrey Heskins from his book Unheard Voices, (London: Darton, Longman and Todd Ltd, 2001), pp. 227-231 (the βHeskins Liturgyβ). Heskinβs work can also be seen incorporated into the suggested liturgical resources provided by Inclusive Church. All these resources present frameworks and varied suggested prayers for βblessingβ services, the outline of which look very similar to marriage services. So, for example, this suggested structure from Stuart (which the Heskins liturgy follows):
Opening hymn/scriptural sentences
Introduction
Prayers
Declarations of hope
Charge to witnesses
Readings and Psalms
Promises
Exchange of rings or gifts/candle-ceremony/signing of will
Blessing
Address/sharing of thoughts
Hymn
Prayers
Eucharist or Symbol of communion
Final Blessing
Hymn and signing of certificate/card
STUART, PP24-25
The relationships between the Heskins liturgy, the smaller derived Spalding Liturgy and the final form in the Australia Liturgy is best demonstrated in a detailed table. I have laid out the entirety of each liturgy to show where one draws from the other:
There is obviously a lot going on here but some initial observations may be helpful:
- As already noted, the Australian usage of these liturgies is to affirm a βmarriageβ. This is a long way from the original intention of those liturgies which often sought to distinguish such relationships from heterosexual marriage.
- Nevertheless, while the service claims not to be a βweddingβ it still follows the typical structure of a wedding. Notably, the precursor liturgy by Heskins has both βQuestions of Intentβ and βPromisesβ which to some extent mirror the consents and promises of the marriage service. There is an exchange of rings or tokens and further prayers.
- At the same time the liturgy shows a clear struggle to reconcile itβs description as a blessing of marriage with the Bible texts that it uses. Marriage services draw directly and unsurprisingly from key texts such as Genesis 1&2, Matt. 19 = Mark 10 and Eph. 5. We have already seen this dilemma expressed by Stuart (ββ¦they have never been symbolic representations of Christβs relationship to his Churchβ) and the awkwardness of this contradiction cannot be resolved and is only avoided by the liturgy.
- Given this tension the liturgy focusses instead on broader language of a more generic βloveβ of God and of βcovenantβ. Rhys Bezzantβs excellent article βTo what end? The blessing of same-sex marriageβ in the recently published Marriage, Same-Sex Marriage And The Anglican Church Of Australia: Essays From The Doctrine Commission more than adequately addresses this inevitable shift of description of marriage from recognition of a creation ordinance with very specific definitions and models of love to a less marriage-focussed βblessingβ.
- The Australia liturgy replaces βWe thank you for your unique and personal gifts to every one of us in our minds, our bodies and our spirits;β in Heskinsβ opening prayers with βWe thank you for the physical and emotional expression of that love;β which can only be read as a clear affirmation of same-sex sexual activity.
- To introduce the Promises, the minister is required to say βAs you have entered into a civil marriageβ¦β. The notion of a βcivil marriageβ is a new concept for the church which simply recognises βmarriageβ. Again, as with 3. above there is a confusion here β on the one hand proponents want to argue that homosexual marriage is simply βmarriageβ just as a heterosexual partnership is and yet the liturgy makes artificial distinctions within the concept of marriage.
- The βpromiseβ, βWill you, N, continue to give yourself to N, sharing your love and your life, your wholeness and your brokenness, your failure and your success?β is resonant of the couplets in the full marriage vows (e.g. for better for worse, for richer for poorer, in sickness and in health etc). While not identical, they present themselves as having the same purpose; to state a commitment to the other in no matter what the circumstances of life.
No doubt there is further work and analysis that can be carried out on this liturgy. Yet even at first glance it is increasingly obvious that the liturgy presented to us by Wangaratta is, one might say, of a schizophrenic nature. It wants to affirm the relationship it purports to bless as βmarriageβ and yet it cannot with integrity use the Bibleβs language about marriage. With the next breath it wants to distance itself from marriage as a βblessingβ (i.e. not an actual marriage) but it has the structure and many of the forms of a marriage service. It derives its basic structure and provenance from a theology that saw gay and lesbian relationships as βvery differentβ (Stuart, p.19) from marriage and yet it wants to anchor itself in and be identified with marriage.
Ultimately what Wangaratta have given us is confusion. It is a confused liturgy with a confused theology; setting itself up as principled and yet immediately undermining itself in its political pragmatism. Rather than advance the cause of the affirmation of same-sex relationships in the Anglican Church of Australia is has only ended up showing us just how inconsistent the argument is.
It wants to have itβs wedding cake and not be seen to be eating it and ends up achieving neither.
image: America Magazine
You are absolutely right about the Elizabeth Stuart statement- now left far behind by “events” in much less than a generation. As for childbirth, the news this week that France is going full steam ahead in providing IVF for lesbian couples and single women- and this by Macron, a man who was baptised as a Catholic at 15 and then began a affair with his drama teacher and future wife at 16 – answers the problem that the deficit of nature can be addressed by the laws of the secular state. Rich homosexual men already hire wombs and surrogates too.
Did you know as well that the woman chosen as Bishop of Monmouth is in a same-sex relationship, according to George Conger?
These liturgies mock the relationship between Christ and his bride, the Christian Church. By their very nature they are not only non-Christian but anti-Christian. The churchmen who advocate them are anti-Christian too. No doubt they see themselves as βprogressiveβ, standing against what faithful Christians have upheld for centuries, but in the final scheme of things God will not be mocked.
The article is a fair summary of just one problem (“Blessings”) facing the ACA as a result of its acceptance of Parliament’s “solution” to the inherent dichotomy of same-sex marriage – Christ’s definition of marriage parties versus Australia’s definition. (I shall break this email into three parts, otherwise it does not go through for some reason).
Parliament’s solution is section 47(3) of the Marriage Act which reads, inter alia, “A minister of religion may refuse to solemnise a marriage if the refusal conforms to the doctrines, tenets or beliefs of the religion of the minister’s religious body or refusal is necessary to avoid injury to the religious susceptibilities of adherents of that religion or the minister’s religious beliefs do not allow the minister to solemnise the marriage.” The section allows ministers of religion to marry opposite-sex couples exclusively without facing anti-discrimination charges in court for not marrying every combination of “2 persons” as Australian law now defines marriage parties.
By hiding behind Parliament’s solution, ACA ministers compromise Christ’s definition of marriage on every occasion when they combine religious & civil marriage solemnisations in one church service. Thus the question faced by every Anglican minister from the Primate to a freshly minted vicar is, should I leave civil marriages to the civil authorities? On those individual decisions the future of the Anglican Church in Australia hangs.